Complusive Gambling Essay - 2272 Words

Complusive Gambling Compulsive gambling is a very addictive disease that can cost you more than its worth. So why do people become compulsive gamblers? In America 2-3% of adults are afflicted by this addiction. Four out of Five compulsive gamblers are men. Over 90% of compulsive gamblers have gambled since their mid-teens. There are many reasons why people become compulsive gamblers. Throughout my paper I will go over many types of research that have been done on this disorder and show you a variety of reasons why people subject themselves to this behavior. Problem gamblers do not ingest, inject, or inhale substances as chemically addicted people do. Just what is it to which they become addicted? The answer to this†¦show more content†¦An alternative model of compulsive gambling is as a heterogeneous disorder with different subtypes sharing certain characteristics. Compulsive gambling may not fit into one of the models mentioned above, but rather a mixed group with different subtypes that share certain characteristics. Both biological and psychological factors play a role in compulsive gambling. Pathological gambling is a chronic and progressive condition that disrupts the life of the individual and those close to him. Not only is pathological gambling associated with financial problems due to the large amounts of money spent on the activity or the loss of a job, but this disorder increases the likelihood of other emotional and psychiatric problems, and general health problems in the individual or his family (Lorenz V, Yaffee, R. 40-49). Suicide is a possible consequence of pathological gambling. Other consequences might be mood disorders, schizophrenia and some neurological conditions. The World Health Organization (WHO), as well as the APA, classified Compulsive gambling as an impulse control disorder, because the individual becomes increasingly incapable of resisting his impulses to gamble. All the impulse control disorders share the following characteristics: difficulties to resist an impulse, desire or temptation to perform some behavior that is detrimental for the individual or others; a progressive emotional discomfort or tension before performing the act; pleasurable orShow MoreRelatedEffectiveness Of Gatekeeping By Bruns906 Words   |  4 Pageswords, what was the main reason for me to choose this particular story on English wine over others? Did it â€Å"make it† because the subconscious me who enjoys a good glass of wine favoured this story over the others (people with gambling problems and the rising number of complusive gamblers; or the closure of the last remaining coal mine in Yorkshire and its social impact on the region)? There is a catalo gue of reasons for doing the story on wine; the personal attitude, however, was certainly the least

Joseph Plumb Martin A Soldier Of The American Revolution

Joseph Plumb Martin was a man of honor, an amazing, passionate, powerful man who had the worldview of a normal soldier along with the courage to step out into the open and fight in this glorious war that advanced the cause of our glorious American Nation. Not only that, but he had the ability to make his cause known and powerful by swarming in a great multitude of people, all together in an alliance, with one voice and one breath. In that manner, his argument is the perfect example of the idea of ‘history from below’, as in history from those who are considered undervalued, the no-name group that, while trampled upon by the higher ranks, forms a metaphorical ground that is stable to that of a high ranking official, because of the fact that the author, Joseph Plumb Martin, was a soldier of the American Revolution (and thus, has the supposed knowledge and understanding of the ‘inside experience’, or, in formal language, the knowledge of exactly what was going on in the ranks), and as such, has a worldview influenced by that greatly, along with the unique perspective of a no-name soldier during the American Revolution. Joseph Plumb Martin, firstly, was a normal person who lived his life as comfortably as life in the colonies could bestow upon him, until one day, arms went up and restrictions piled up until the American Revolution. As such, Joseph Plumb Martin, despite the fact that he was a good soldier, was also a complete and utter peasant, and as such, remained stuckShow MoreRelatedJoseph Plumb Martin Essay824 Words   |  4 PagesJoseph Plumb Martin was born â€Å"upon the twenty-first of November, in the year of 1760† (Martin 6). His grandparents raised him on their Connecticut farm. Inspired by the Battles of Lexington and Concord he decided to enlist into the army. He was eager to help for the patriotic cause. In June of 1776, at the age of 15, Martin was able to enlist but didn’t want to sign up for a long enlistment. Soldiers at the time were enlisting for a year’s service but he did not like that and thought it wasRead MoreJoseph Plumb Martin, Biography808 Word s   |  4 Pages1760, Joseph Plumb Martin was the son of a pastor; at the age of seven, he began living with his affluent grandfather. Almost as soon as the Revolutionary War broke out in the spring of 1775, young Joseph was eager to lend his efforts to the patriotic cause. In June 1776, at the tender age of 15, Martin enlisted for a six-month stint in the Connecticut state militia. By the end of the year, Martin had served at the Battles of Brooklyn, Kip’s Bay and White Plains in New York. Though Martin declinedRead MoreEssay about A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier895 Words   |  4 PagesJoseph Plumb Martin was born on November 1760 in western Massachusetts. He wrote a book in which he described the life of an ordinary soldier during the American Revolution.†A Narrative of a Revolutionary Soldier† not only informed about the poor conditions in which the troops lived but also is one of the few soldiers accounts of the Revolution in general. Martin grow up in his Connecticut grandparents house. He noted since 1774 that a war with Great Britain was coming,so he promise himself toRead MoreRevisiting, Revising, and Reviving Americas Founding Era6252 Words   |  26 PagesMost Americans nowadays like to think that they have the American Revolution pretty well figured out. Conventional wisdom starts the saga in 1763 when Britain, saddled with debt at the close of the Seven Years War, levied new taxes that prompted her American colonists to resist, and then to reject, imperial rule. Having declared independence and defeated the British, American patriots then drafted the constitution that remains the law of the land to this day. With George Washingtons inauguration

Economische En Sociale Geschiedenis Free Essays

Samenvatting Economische en Sociale Geschiedenis 2013 INHOUD: 1. Samenvatting Boek â€Å"Before the Industrial Revolution† M. Cipolla 2. We will write a custom essay sample on Economische En Sociale Geschiedenis or any similar topic only for you Order Now Kleine samenvatting Boek â€Å"Arm en Rijk† D. Landes 3. Samenvatting algemene hoorcolleges: Migratie Interbellum 1. Samenvatting Boek â€Å"Before the Industrial Revolution† M. Cipolla Part I CHAPTER 1: Demand (pages: 3 t/m 52) Spain census of population, 1789, lot of population estimations are rough and not precise. Small societies. Not very large growth of population in 18th century. Low fertility or high mortality is the cause of slow growth. So population of preindustrial Europe remained relatively small. more in chapter 5). Normal mortality occurs in normal years. Catastrophic mortality occurs in calamitous years, it far exceeded current fertility. Always drastic fluctuations of population. Needs: depend on population size, geographical factors, and structure of population by age/gender/occupation sociocultural factors. Cultural factors forbid/duty to do certain things. As long as a person is free to demand what he wants, what counts on the market are not †˜needs’, but ‘wants’. Wants are both expressed by individuals and society but only have limited resources, we have to make choices. Wants become effective demand when they are backed by purchasing power. (expressed by purchasing power). Purchasing power is based on income/distribution of income (public/private) level and structure of prices. Income and distribution: Incomes can be divided in wages/profits/interests and rents. Preindustrial Europe was a striking contrast between the abject misery of the mass and the affluence and magnificence of a limited number of very rich people. Lyon Florence 10% of the population controlled more than 50 % of the wealth assessed. Other measurement of wealth: bags of grain. (reserves). Gregory King made accurate calculations of national income, putting to good use all the material he had available in addition to his personal observations. Poverty and unequal distribution of wealth and income. People with no income at all beggars. In France at the end of the 17th century, beggars counted for 10 % of the population. Most people lived at subsistence level, no savings or social security to help them in distress, only hope was charity. In different European cities, there were different percentages of â€Å"beggars†. Many fluctuations in unemployment figures. In years of famine (hongersnood/schaarste) high numbers of poverty. Income can be earned or transferred. Transfers: voluntary transfers (charity/gifts) compulsory transfers (taxation). Many people left things behind for charity when they died. Also disasters and feasts served to accentuate charity. When people died from a disaster, their belongings went to the church/hospitals. Besides charity, gambling and dowries were forms of voluntary transfers, they could affect productive activity. Compulsory transfers; taxation on the one hand, plunder and theft on the other hand. Theft on low-class people because of: famine, inequality of income. Noble people also: earlier centuries of middle ages. Ransom (losgeld), large transfers of wealth. In early periods, great importance of alternatives to trade. After 10th century, trade expanded and concentrated in cities. (Permanent fairs). Types of demand: Demand for production goods, demand for services, demand for capital goods. 1. Demand for consumption goods 2. Demand for services 3. Demand for capital goods Demand can also be divided into: 1. Private internal demand 2. Public internal demand 3. Foreign demand Private demand: the lower the income, the higher the percentage spend on food (logic). The poorer the country, the higher the percentage spend on food of total expenditures. The lower the income, the more spend on poorer foods, such as bread (stijfselachtig voedsel). Rich people, less amount of total income on food. Symbolic value of food in preindustrial Europe. Rich ate a lot. Somethimes too much. Purchase of clothing was luxury. Epidemics, clothing of deads were passed over, which spread the epidemics. Plagues. People lived in small houses with many families. (rents were very high in large towns, compared to the wages). Milanese Public Health Board issued rules for living, but poverty stood in the way of wisdom. Rich had domestic staff. Low wages favoured the demand of domestic services. Wages only did not represent the total expenditures on them. costs of food/living/heating and other items provided tot servants by their employers. Income not spend on consumer goods and services is naturally saved. Nobody saves to the same extent: 1. Level income 2. Psychological/sociocultural factors 3. Income distribution. Obvious when income is high that there is more possibility of saving. Rich people could invest an amount saved of their income. (Cornelig de Jonge van Ellemeet for example). National saving in England at the end of the 17th century amounted to less than 5 percent of national income. Very unfair divided income distribution. Even though England was one of the richest preindustrial societies, NO high concentration of income. Preindustrial societies were in a position to save only if they succeeded in imposing miserably low standards of living. Flow of monetary income becomes circular savingwill be converted into investment. Hoarding: preindustrial Europe, large amounts of monetary savings were hoardeddid not reach financial market (under matrasses/socks for example). A lot of hoards were accidentally discovered. Hoarding because of fear (robbery and plundering). Beginning 11th centrurydis-hoardingdivine activities. Building cathedrals, helping the poor, religious building. 11th 12th century financed through dis-hoarding. Investment euphoria. Public demand: Arose from the 11th century, only 5-8% of national income. Before the 18th century public and private demand were different to distinguish. Distinction: presence of CHURCH as patrimonial economic entity. Level and structure of public demand: a. â€Å"income† public power (derive from: taxation, public loans (forced), state property exploitation, gain of the mint) b. â€Å"wants† of those in power (war/defense/court/civil administration/festivities) c. he price structure and of the community they control Public powers can increase taxes; income is function of their â€Å"wants†. Public Debt= invention of Italy city-states. Moneys lent to the state by private citizens, mostly forced loans. Citizen would receive interest on the sum lent. Throughout the Middle Ages and Renaissance the public powers managed to broaden the ta x base to raise the rate of taxation. Parties Casuelles were in France the fiscal bureaus. In England and France the revenues of the Crown rose. But also rising prices, growing population, increased wealth. Fiscal privileges for the nobles (adel) hit the poor hardercomplaints! From 12th century sometimes administration was done by noblemen (no salary). A major expenditure of public money were embassies (representation). But military expenditure surpassed by far all the other expenditures. Also medical and educational services rose. Ethical social valuepaying with public money so that ANY person (rich or poor) could get education or treatments. For example in Milan in 1288 had 3 of such surgeons. 1324 18 of such surgeons in Venice. Education: in the Middle Ages only private education (few). When communes arosepaying teachers with public money. Public schools arose rapidly. After 11the century. Education is investment in human capital. Guns warships unattractive form of capital, capital goods middle 15th century public expenditure. Demand of the church: Church is important economic entity in preindustrial Europe. Donations from counts/barons, unable to manage land themselves so they donate to church. Very large magnitude of such estates. Before the 11th century. Following centuries nobles/wealthy donate buildings and lands to the church. 16th and 17th centurygrowing size of land holdings. Every now and then , however, church fell upon hard times in which bad administration affected property Reformation was worst period before 18th century. dissolution (ontbinding) of monasteries. A lot of monasteries (kloosters). By 1550 nothing was left of English monasteries, all possessions dispersed. Lots of income for Crown (benefit from sales). ReformationLombardy(-ije) before countries affected by Reformation. Reformation cuts into further growing of lands possessions of church. The distribution of wealth within the church reflected the unequal distribution of wealth in society as whole. Foreign demand: Network of exchanges with other economic systems (goods/services/wealth/capital metals). Import/Export = foreign trade. Exports are the response to foreign demand. Demand largely on food and textiles. End 16th century, clothes 80% English export. High transportation costsquality products, well do could afford these products. Industrial revolution made it possible to buy foreign made products easier. Import/Export could be measured by total GDP. (GNP). England best country with statistics on foreign trade. Henry VII (15th centrury) 300. 000. 17th century 9,5 million, increase in volume foreign trade. In Portugal, ancient manufacturers destroyed. Trade consequences depend on qualitative structures of certain trade. CHAPTER 2: The factors of production (pages; 53 t/m 96) Input is made up of factors called â€Å"factors of production†. Labor (ARBEID): divide people in consumers/producers ages of people. Preindustrial 1/3 under 15. 60% 15-60 years old before 19th century. Difference between preindustrial industrial societies = composition of dependent population (consumers but NOT producers). Nowadays productivity is very high, ratio of dependency 50-65%. Preindustrial: work till dead, start younger than 15. Child labor fields; summer. Bad treatment + female labor (agricultural/spinning/weaving). Wet nurse: sells food (mother’s milk) cares for infant (service). Of economical and social importance. Sectors of activity: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary. Primary: Agricultural; low productivity, high % of total people worked in Primary sector not all sunk, kill and eat it, very vulnerable†¦ Working Capital: consists of stocks and inventories. (raw materials, semi-finished goods, finished goods). Stocks of foods, spared from consumption capital. Creating stocks costs money. Nowadays: ratio working capital to fixed capital is reduced. 2012, doomsday preppers however still exist;-)). Working capital is continually turned over. Continually coming back for reinvestment disinvestment is easier. STOCKS can be sold. QUESTIONL: Why low levels of production of preindustrial societies and a vicious circle of poverty? investment was so limited because opportunities for productive investment wer e extremely limited. Not so much because of poor potential of saving. Natural resources (NATUUR): non reproducible capital. Not infinite!!!! Land is a natural resource. Mineral deposits of: silver, gold, tin, copper, iron, etc. Medieval people were conscious about pollution more than during Industrial Rev. (Pitcoal). Forestsrules of cutting and planting trees. Later the rules became less important to the Europeans (during M. A Renaissance). A lot of brick and marble in Italian culture because they exhausted their forests very early. Energy of water and wind for land-based activities (used on the spot), so manufacturers were located were mills could be build. Organization: labor, capital and natural resources must be combined in organizational forms which vary according to technology, the size of markets and the types of production. Different forms of organization can coexist. Preindustrial manufacturing was concentrated on the workshop. Craftsman. Dependent on who gave order (merchants with warehouses). Mining and shipbuilding sectors. Modern capitalism manufacturing or trading sectorsled to modern capitalism. CHAPTER 3: Productivity and Production (pages; 97 t/m 114) Production is the outcome of all individual and social choices acting on both the demand and the supply side. Labor, capital and natural resources are INPUTS of production. Output emerges from their combination of use. Determinants: better education, economies of scale, technological development, etc. Entrepreneurial activity is a necessary ingredient, but not a sufficient one+ human vitality of whole society. Medieval and Renaissance productivity levels: technological progress. Agriculture (Slicher van Bath): between 1200 and 1700, grains yielded per seed planted rose. Fluctuation because natural resources, poor control over forces of nature. Animals poor fedless milk from cows, little meat. Weavers : low labor productivity meant that production processes were labor-intensive. Building industry: little improvement on productivity. Other sectors noticeable improvements during MA Renaissance. Gutenberg 1440: printing press (drukpers). The main reason for productivity gain was technological progress. Still low compared to industrial society. Not only quantity is important n measuring productivity, quality also important, but less records available. Positive production: greatest part of production in preindustrial Europe: food, textiles, buildings and domestic services. The: foreign trade. Many people produced locally. Negative production: the deliberate destruction of men and whealth pollution and the destruction of the environment. Destruction of men and wealth for political or religious reasons. Assasins, Arsonist, Bomb-throwers. War!! - Labor (the military) and capital (weaponry) with the avowed intention of destroying. Industrial army greater destructive power. Preindustrial: scarcity of capital. Plague destroyed men, not capital. Livestock killed, acres burned, vineyards destroyed. a. destruction of natural resources b. pollution of the environment with the waste products of consumption c. pollution of the en vironment with undesirable by-products of productive activities d. damage to the health of those engaged in production In preindustrial societies less capacity for negative production. But even preindustrial societies managed to mismanage. 6th century increased use of coal in England. Domesticindustrial. (Fumifugium 1661. J. Evelyn). Miners, Gilders, Potters, Sulfur workers, Tanners, Glass-workersconcern for working conditions of labor. Part II CHAPTER 4: The Urban Revolution: The Communes (pages; 117 t/m 122) After fall down Roman empire, cities fell with it. Economic decline. North improved position, contact with south. Muslim invasion. Depressed and depressing world, rise of cities between the 11th and 13th centuries represented a new development, which changed the course of history. Differences between parts of countries and countries. Massive migratory movement. Towns grew because populations grew, high fertility people from rural areas to cities. Migration: push pull factors. Town was a place for innovation, economic and social advancement. Nobles took residence in the city (Italy). Cities became seats and centres of the power of the triumphant bourgeoisie. Citie WALLS. (protection). Towns were very different in medieval and renaissance period. Emegence of towns was a social and cultural revolution. Unique personal status for people living in cities. Burgers†¦ Italian cities attack and conquer the surrounding territory ( conflict with central power of Empire). Germans not!! France got a monarchy very soon. England, cities developed slower, very few revolutionary characteristics. Horizontal arrangements, co-operation among equals: university, fraternity, gildthe commune were the institutions created by the new outlook and which reflected new ideas. QUESTION: How did cities emerged from a portus (Belgian historian) beside a feudal castle of rising again from the foundations of a Roman town, was core of new society. Between 11th 13th century. CHAPTER 5: Population: Trends Plagues (pages; 123 t/m 136) Beginning new millennium, thin scattered population 35 million total. 1000-1400 population grew. Black dead came back in 1348, wiped out people. Also: wars, famines epidemics struck again. En of 15the century 80 million. 16th century substantial growth. Beginning 17th100 million. Population of preindustrial Europe remained young and small. High fertility and high mortality. Marriage: manay people lived in celibacy (celibatair). Avoided for economic reasons. Age of marriage differs from time, class and country. Average age marriage around 25. Many people which DID married made it up for the unmarried. Number of children born still very high. High fertility because of youthful age structure and high mortality. QUESTION: Which types of mortality can be distinguished? Normal and catastrophic mortality. Normal mortality happens to occur in normal years. free from calamities (infants and adolescents) but WITH poverty.. While catastrophic mortality also took adults. Preindustrial societies were very vulnerable to calamities of all sorts. (WARS, FAMINES, PLAGUES (EPIDEMICS)). People literally died of hunger. Famines contributed directly to increase in mortality but also indirect by encouraging epidemics. Epidemics contributed most to the frequency and the intensity of catastrophic mortality. Balck Dead 1348. But also evey year an epidemic. Tyfus, bacteries, plaag, etc. Low growth rates. Begin 14th century several areas overpopulated, to prevailing levels of production and technology. Demographic growth big, public health development small! Effects of epidemics on given population are determined not only by the # people killed, but also by distribution of age (fertility). Normal mortality usually lower than fertility, but after a catastrophe start all over again. Citites survived because of flow from country to city. Epidemics after 18th century subsided. Pandemics. Mortality no longer assumed catastrophic proportions. Disappearance of plague after 17th century. Reasons: better building, burying corpses, disappearance of black rat? – onverdedigbaar! BUT: ecological revolutiondemographic revolution, due to technological and economic achievements of western Europe. CHAPTER 6: Technology (pages; 137 t/m 159) Technological developments 1000-1700: Romans -Watermills, slave labor (cultural reasons for development stagnations). BUT: we always think of machinery as we think of technology. Romans were very good in : organization of military, administration, architecture, road construction). Main technological developments 6th-11th century: watermills, plough, crop rotation, horseshoe, methods for harnessing draft animals. NOT inventions but increase in USE. All agricultural and strengthen each other. Many horses used, better capital. Alos IRON for equipment. Also developments in human capital and water power, watermill used for all kinds of productions. Also Windmillsirrigation end of 12th century. In 1745 a FANTAIL , sails into the wind automatically, 1st example of automatic control in machinery. 300 the compass, more mathematical navigation. Ship as capital greater value. Inventions: spinning wheel and spectacles (BRIL). Beginning 14th century: clocks, firearms and canal locks. Ship building: ship skeleton first during later middle ages. 15th centuryfull-rigged ships, all kinds of winds sailable. Time of voyages diminished + costs reduced. systematic knowledge of wi nds. Naval guns were build out of bronze. 16the centurycasting iron guns. This before mentioned provided a basis for expansion overseas. Technological innovation: printing (Gutenberg) bible, before printing was very expensive. Press opened up vast new horizons and opportunities in the fields of knowledge and education. Spread rapidly. Spinning wheel China 11the century, Europe 12th century. Innovation: small steps through numerous minor experiments. After the industrial revolution modern science. Windmill originally Persianvertical axis, European horizontal axis worked much better. Paper originally Chinesespread to Muslim empire. European paper produced with machines driven on watermills. After 12th century passion for mechanization of all productive processes. LABOR SAVING DEVICES. Mechanical clock for examplefirst measuring time in different ways, from 13the century need for solution measuring time because of mechanical outlook from people. Spread of clock: churches, public buildings, etc. Consequences of mechanization: in a number of sectors gains were achieved + mechanical outlook reinforced more and more. Logical consequence that follows is a mental outlook, which takes centuries to develop. Also feared as a source of possible dangerous disturbances. Scarcity of labor caused by epidemics one factor; but were many more and complex factors. Also mental attitudes and aspirations. WHY Europe so favourable to change? We do NOT know. The spread of technology: 12th – 15th century Italians leas technology invention. 16th-17th century Dutch and English. Through ages; main channel for diffusion of innovation has been migration of people. = migration of human capital. Sometimes things kept a secret when economic interest were at stake. Spread: migration of craftsman to other parts of country or other countries skilled labor migration. Push and pull factors, bad for economy of home country when people moved to other country. Sometimes punishments because of skilled movement. DRANG NACH OSTEN; Dutch people went to east because of fertile ground. Bologna attracted artisans in exchange for privileges. Depends on circumstances if invention takes place in host country of skilled laborers. Qualities that make people tolerant also make them receptive to new ideas. CHAPTER 7: Enterprise, Credit Money (pages; 160 t/m 182) Enterprise and credit: Business techniques; organization of fairs, accounting techniques, insurance, etc. Many techniques developed between 11th and 16th century in Italy. From 16th centuryDutch and English; great trading companies. Lack of productive investment because of hoarding etc. But cities grew and credit developed very rapidly. Sale credit, therefore consumption became higher. Commenda: partnership contractsone or more give a SUM, used by other in business†¦instead of hoarding for example. Some as stock exchange, small and large savings. From 15th compagnia (coastal cities). Inland grew companies better†¦less risks (pirates, bad weather, etc). Involvement of shareholders unrelated to original family marked end of first phase in company history. End 13th century; entries publicly authenticated. Italians: double entry bookkeeping. 6th/17th oversea trade, expansion demand capital. Companies createdEast India Company, stocks and shares. Commenda: not possible without MUTUAL TRUST honesty in business. Development civil/criminal legislation. Monetary trends: Start 11th century economy + monetary system developed. Middle Ages + Renaissance only coins. Chinese 13th century paper money already. Gold m easured in carats, pure measure of gold and silver. Is intrinsic value. During Middle Ages and Renaissance monetary systems progressed. Before 1000- denariuscould work in primitive economies. Silver, 1 coin only. Until the 16th century until the Germans invented a way to mechanize the minting process involving a watermill. Many goods instead of cash (horses, weapons, etc. ) Growing demand for money after 11th century. 2 standards for coins (fineness, weight) !! Extreme: in Germany every prince or individual town strok OWN coins. M=P+(C+S) P:marketprice, M: amount someone brought in, C:charge minter, S:left of worth metal Devaluationsincrease amount in circulation= bring more metal in increase P English relatively strong coin. France unstable (1290) devaluation and revaluation, economy suffered in France. Also due to 100 year war. Countries coinage shouldn’t belong to a king. Italy different gentler downwards devaluations than in France. Grossi, Piccioli, of denarius new phase with â€Å"multiples† of 1 coint. Bimetallic: system with silver AND gold started in Italy. Supply of metals due to discovery of African coast (Portugese; 1457, cruzado). Afterwards silver founded in parts of Germany, rush towards heavy chunky coins. Silver â€Å"Guldiner† in Germany. Spanish came back from America with gold/silver = Real of Ocho (Eight). 16th /17th century = intrinsic fineness. 2th century and onward banking activity deposits = intangible = ink. Money. Bankers appeared money changes: intermediaries for public mints. Depositors/bankers/payees. Bankers always hold certain amount of cash delivered to them in case people want to withdraw it. Just a fraction of total amount in KAS. –reserve. This is the origin of bank money. In England goldsmiths who collected deposits and created money. Bank money positive development. QUESTION: Were there any economical drawbacks? Many panic, wars, high risks of losing money. Hurry to banks to collect deposits. Not all money was there because bankers only hold a â€Å"fraction† of total deposits. The rest was in investments and loans. Many banks went BANKRUPT. CHAPTER 8: Production, Income Consumption (pages; 183 t/m 208) The great expansion: 1000-1300: Phase of expansion: new technologies/growth of towns/new sociocultural environment/increased division of labor/monetarization of economy/stimuli to saving, all these factors encouraged economic expansion. 1000- when European development took off, cultivation of land. Fertile land, NEW land. The Christian Reconquista made important progress in Spain. Territory got re-conquered. Drang nach Osten(12-13th century). As the Germans advanced, new cities were founded. By 1300 the movement had slowed down. The German eastward expansion was demographic, economic, political and religious in character. Very good land in the east (better capital and techniques brought with them). Expansion to Central Europe, Baltic countries. Everybody in Europe benefitted from it. Untill Ind. Rev. economy remained agricultural. Rebuilding new city walls. As were leading sectors there were leading areas. Northern Italy, bridge between Europe and north Africa. Coastal republics and important crossroads. Seafaring activity was greatly extended. Economic trends: 1300-1500: CHAPTER 9: The Emergence of the Modern Age (pages; 209 t/m 233) 2. Samenvatting Boek â€Å"Arm Rijk † D. Landes * 1. Ongelijke bedeeldheid natuur * 2. Omgaan met natuurlijke gesteldheid: Europa en China * 3. Europa’s eigen weg * 4. De uitvinding van het uitvinden * 5. De ontsluiting van de wereld * 6. Naar de Oost * 7. Van ontdekkingen tot wereldmacht * 8. Bitterzoete eilanden * 9. Heerschappij in de Oost * 10. Gewinzucht * 11. Golconda * 12. Winnaars en verliezers: de balans van de wereldmacht = t/m blz 202 1. Ongelijke bedeeldheid natuur: Invloed van geografische factoren, met name klimaat. Hierarchy betreft gunstig klimaat. Inkomen per hoofd bevolking in rijke landen in de gematigde streken. Onderontwikkelde in tropen of subtropen. Geografische gesteldheid is 1 van de factoren. Eenvoudige rechtstreekse verbanden: klimaat, in warme landen is werken zwaarder, hitte, lichaam. (neem als voorbeeld siesta). Slavernij in warme streken, anderen doen het werk. AC verscheen pas laat. In Amerika al eerder. Klimaatregeling kostbare techniek, weinig armen kunnen zich dat veroorloven. Arbeidsproductiviteit in warme landen lag LAGER. Complexe en indirecte verbanden: Hitte zorgt ook voor verbreiding van voor de mens schadelijke levensvormen. Slakkenziekte (parasieten) , malaria etc. Geneeskunde grote vooruitgang geboekt bij bestrijden dergelijke ziekten. Kolonisten brachten artsen mee, hierdoor inheemse langer leven. Zuigelingsterfte erg minder. Contrast echter nog steeds schrijnend. Tropenziekten + geneeskunde (inheems). Waterregenwoud, veel regen korte tijd, verpest alle vruchtbarheid etc. Uiterste: droge streken. Opslag zou oplossing zijn, maar enorm snelle verdamping. Rampenvijandig klimaatook in rijkere landen, Amerika orkanen bijvoorbeeld. Afrika: sterftecijfer blijft hoog ondanks vooruitgant, ook mede door bevolkingsexplosie. Opvallend verschil in werkkracht en efficiency tussen gematigd en tropisch klimaat. voedingspatroon NOEM EEN DIRECTE EN INDIRECT VERBAND WAAROM WARME LANDEN HET ZWAARDER HADDEN? [zwaarder werken in hitte, AC duur, slavernij] [hitte zorgt voor verspreiding schadelijke levensvormen] 2. Omgaan met de natuurlijke gesteldheid: Europa en China: Europa: betrouwbare en gelijkmatige waterval + gematigde temperaturen. Voedselvoorziening in handen van mensen met vruchtbare grond. Mediteraanse zee, minder regen, slechtere grond betere bomen en veeteelt. Hierdoor achterstand Zuid-Europa, ook door culturele factoren. Waarom kwam Europa zo traag op gang na Egypte en Mesopotamiegeografische liggingLigging in wouden/bossen, epidemieen/pandemieen/hongersnood/plagen/oorlogen. Later, technologie om land te bewerken, oorlog te voeren, meer mestmere voedsel, geen wormziekten die China wel teisterden. Europeanen waren gezonder. Echter zeer vruchtbaar slib in oosten. Overstromingen en droogte perioden in China/India. Grote bevolkingsdichtheid, er werd snel getrouwd. Europa pas laat trouwen. China: tussen 1000-1300 verdubbeling bevolking, daarna afname door epidemieen. Steeds meer landbouw nodig om mensen te voeden. Agrarische revoluties. Trokken van noord naar zuid. Uitbreiding graanschuur en enorme concentratie op rijst. Arbeids en waterintensief energiemodelhydraulische samenleving eigen arbeiders, sterke overheid, niet westers. Werd ook tegengehangen. Tijd tot tijd, zonder autoriteit. WAT IS EEN HYDRAULISCHE SAMENLEVING? GEEF VOORBEELD†¦Een  hydraulische samenleving  (ook bekend onder de termen  watermonopolie-rijk  of  hydraulische these) is een sociale of overheidsstructuur, die haar macht ontleent aan de exclusieve controle over de de toegang tot water. Ten grondslag hiervan ligt meestal de noodzaak tot gecoordineerde  irrigatie  of gecontroleerde overstromingen, waardoor centrale planning en een hiertoe gespecialiseerd overheidsapparaat een belangrijke rol gaan spelen. ] 3. Europa’s eigen weg: In de 10e eeuw had Europa net een lijdensweg ondergaan van plunderingen, roof, oorlogen. Noormannen naar zuid-europa en oosterse contreienRussen. Geduchte en wrede plunderaars. Hongaren vanuit het Oosten, bleven niet lang. Hierna, door afwezigheid van agressie kon Europa groeien, mede door ondernemingszin (niet vanzelfsprekend). Tussen oude mediterrane wereld and moderne Europa zit overgangstijdkwam nieuwe samenleving op gang. Orientaals despotisme (alleenheerschappij). Hierdoor niet mogelijk eigen gang te gaan, belemmerde dus de ondernemingszin. Middeleeuwen tijd van overgang, Eigendom was recht!!! Europa zag niet toe, reguleerde niet en onderdrukte niet, China wel wat betreft eigendom. Ook despotische regeringen in Europa, maar ingeperkt door de wet. Chinamuren om mensen bij zich te houden, niet overlopen naar rivalen†¦Als er in Europa rivaliteit was tussen landen, goed jegens burgersanders konden ze overlopen. Er ontstonden gemeenten als marktplaatsen. Knoopplaats tot handel met platteland (hogere status). Heersers gaven macht aan stedelingen en buitenluiomdat dat meer oogst opleverde en tevens macht heerser uitbreidde. Middeleeuwen Europa: economische revolutievoedsel, landbouwmethoden, INNOVATIE ipv UITVINDINGEN. WAAROM SPREEKT MEN LIEVER OVER INNOVATIE DAN OVER UITVINDINGEN? [nieuwe methoden stamde al uit eerdere tijden, neem windmill (vertical/horizontal axis voorbeeld OF Ploeg op wielen door Germanen meegebracht] How to cite Economische En Sociale Geschiedenis, Papers

Improve Decision Making in Healthcare Industry

Question: Discuss about the Improve Decision Making in Healthcare Industry. Answer: Introduction In most of the business organizations, it is commonly analyzed that 5% of data is of poor quality and the average perceived cost of poor data quality is as high as 10% of organizations revenue. Therefore, poor quality of data is one of the main reasons for bad decision making in case of healthcare industry or in other industry. The main focus of this report is on improvement of decision making in healthcare industry, firstly we will discuss about poor quality of data that is used in this industry for making critical decisions and its impacts. According to analysis, lack of data quality in healthcare sector has a far-reaching effects. Whole planning process and delivery of services are mostly rely upon data that is collected from sources such as clinical, administrative and management (Guindo L, Wagner M, Baltussen, 2016). The higher quality of data will result in better outcome from patients. The quality of data should be with regard to timeliness and accuracy, because this data is u sed for administrative purposes such as cost management and for making other essential decisions. There are various difficulties exist in data requirements and decisions making and this results in complex and demanding relationships. Information systems also play an important role in data quality and in health sector information system is used as information-driven service (Cai LZhu Y, 2016). Most of the hospital records are stored into databases and in other electronic repositories. These repositories are easy to access, reliable and secured which is very much necessary to make quick decisions about well-being of patients, the wider population and for the management of healthcare organizations. In this way, a proper management or quality of data provide positive effects on decision making process and reduce level of uncertainty and it will become easy to get more timely and accurate decision outcomes (Huitfeldt BMiddleton M, 2001). Background Study According to background study about improvement in decision making in healthcare industry, in earlier days, this was not so much concerning matter for healthcare organizations and most of the healthcare decisions are taken on the behalf of this poor quality information and that is why there was lack of effectiveness and accuracy was found. But today, various efforts are done to obtain high quality information that can be used further for decision making. Problem Statement Now the main problem is that how improvement can be done in decision making in healthcare organization. This is main concerning topic of this report to discuss. Study Objectives The main objectives of this whole study is to find out ways that can help to improve decision making in healthcare industry and to aware people that how an accurate and good quality information can be collected from different sources. Besides this, it is also essential to discuss that how advanced technologies will be helpful in this process of improvement. Scope of Study The research about improvement process of decision making in healthcare industry describes importance of accurate and high quality data for business industries which shows broad scope of this study. Justification/Importance of Research Study The study about improvement in decision making in healthcare industry will help staff members of hospital and healthcare institution to make right decisions on the behalf of right information that has taken from different sources of information. This will help to control conflicts that can occur due to wrong decisions. Research Questions and/or Hypothesis According to research about improvement in decision making in healthcare industry, we got to know that hypothesis of this study are reframing the problem, rebrand the solution, reshape the doctor-patient relationship and need to tools that can inform patients about evidence and outcomes and those can inform doctors about patients desires. Literature Review As we have discussed in above segment of this report about lack of data quality in healthcare sector and how it is affecting. After this discussion, it is resulted that improvement is required in decision making in healthcare sector and use of latest techniques such as Information management systems and other ways to maintain quality of data will be helpful in this process of improvement (Ortiz D, 2016). One thing is cleared after analysis about decision making in healthcare organization that appropriate collection of data from good sources, its maintenance long term maintenance and on-time availability of data are important ways to improve decision making in healthcare industry, otherwise, both patients and healthcare organizations will be in loss due to improper treatment of patients and lack of accurate records (Ballou DPazer H, 2016). Now in this segment, we would emphasize on reviews of researchers that have analyzed healthcare organizations for their improper decision making pr ocess and asked for improvement. According to reviews of literature, in healthcare industry, data throws light on aspects such as requirements of patient, trends of disease, and outcomes of treatment and high risks of individuals. So if there is any deficiency is found in quality of data then it is necessary to improve that deficiency (Farner S, 2016). Here are some important aspects that are required to consider in improvement of healthcare delivery (Chu Y, Yang S, Yang C, 2001). Provide Proper Staff Training Standardization of Collection of Data Use of Electronic Health Records Use of Patient Registries Patients Feedback Provide Proper Staff Training For maintaining quality of data in healthcare organizations, it is better to train staff for collecting and utilizing data. Staff members should have alternatives to collect and maintain information of patients if they are not able contact them face to face. Telephonic conversation and availability of patients records in hospitals online databases are better options. Besides this, staff members must also have good communication skills to interact with patients and others. Standardization of Collection of Data This is another essential factor that can be used to improve quality of data. The standardization consists of some essential points that are listed as below: Information should be collected directly from patient. No assumption should be there. Upon admission of any patient into hospital, it is necessary to ensure that collected information about that patient is relevant or not. And that information should be used when treatment of patient will start. The storage of data should be in standardized format. If patient has any concern with his/her information then that concern must be considered rather than ignored. Use of Electronic Health Record Electronic health record is documentation of individuals health information that is stored electronically and this electronic information is used for clinical care settings. These records are basically used to improve the quality of care both in hospitals and clinics. Following information must be included in electronic health records: Patients information that is stored in electronic health record should be up-to-date and accurate because it is used as history of patient. This a comprehensive view of patients data and it is a better way to make future decisions regarding treatment of a patient. If information will be in accurate and organized form about patient then it is easier for doctors to provide them better treatment and it will also increase chances of quick improvements in patient. If important information will be available in an accurate and appropriate format then it will also begin easy to diagnose actual problem of patients and better treatment can be provided to them accordingly. Electronic Health Records provide a comprehensive view about patients and their problems. In enhancement of patients safety is also possible with the help of electronic health records. It can be achieved by detecting dangerous drug interactions, verifying the medications and dosages. Problem and alerts for doctors are automatically checked by EHRs. Use of Patient Registries Patient registries are commonly used to capture clinical data that is based on physicians or patients. This data is collected from various important sources and these sources are required to meet with healthcare needs. These important sources are listed as below: Proper tracking of patients those are suffering with certain chronic disease conditions and its proactive management allows staff of hospitals to collect information. Demographic details are also considered a good source of information. On the behalf of demographic details prevention services can be provided to patients in case of certain risky health conditions. A well-organized registries of patients facilitate regular communication with patient and also provide help for better treatment of patients. Patients Feedback Data surveys is another effective source of information which is directly based on feedback of people. In case of healthcare industry, data can also be collected from patients feedback and can be easily used for decision making. Data survey includes patients experience survey, population survey, and forums of patients, focus groups and personnel interviews and this information provides help to observe health status, needs and outcomes of care plan. With the help of this collected information it will become easy to implement strategies that are required to overcome the major concerns of patients and improve healthcare delivery. According to researchers, these above listed steps will help healthcare organizations to improve their decision making process and it will be helpful for successive growth of healthcare organizations. Research Methodology and Design Different research methodologies and design are used by researchers and most commonly used research methodologies are qualitative and quantitative. In qualitative research methodologies, detailed research is done on a particular topic and less statistical figures are used in this research. On other side, in quantitative research, statistical information is highly used as evidence. This study about improvement of decision making in healthcare industry is qualitative approach and here we have discussed some important facts about this concept in detail. If we talk about design or framework of this research then we would like to discuss about data quality framework which is a tool for evaluating quality of data within an organization (Aronsky D, 2016). This type of framework evaluates areas where processes are of poor quality and due to inefficiencies performance of organization is reducing. Following are some activities that are included in development research design of data quality (M oskowitz H, 2016). Applicability of dimensions of data quality, characteristics and criteria that are required for evaluation of collection, are required to use (Aladwani APalvia P, 2016). Appropriate language should be selected for framework. Time length should be decided to complete evaluation of framework. Through this qualitative research methodology we have also found data quality dimensions that must be considered to enhance quality of data as whole, so that critical decision making can be done. These dimensions consists of accuracy, relevancy, timelines, usability, security and privacy. If healthcare and business organizations will follow these dimensions of data quality then it will become easy to make critical decisions without issues (Kogure M, 1992). Results and Discussions On the behalf of increasing demand of data quality in different corporations, it has become essential to make decision of improvement of quality of data. Above discussed solutions are latest and increase chances of quick improvement. Data quality frameworks and strategic approaches significantly contribute in overall data quality management and improvement programs (Chengalur-Smith I, Ballou D, Pazer H, 1999). Besides this, contextual metadata will improve the intelligence density of improvement of data quality. Advanced information management systems and artificial intelligence software and TDQM programs are helpful approaches for healthcare organizations to improve its data quality process. On the behalf of above research, it is also observed that there is lack of awareness in users regarding usage of data for handling various business activities (O'Leary D, 1991). This approach of data quality improvement is helpful for both large and small business organizations and management of these organizations must concentrate on this approach. It is also discussed among researchers that strategic approach of data quality improvement can derive and impose standards that will help to facilitate data and information transfer securely. Besides this, identification and disseminate are also best practices to reduce the development time that is required for improvement of data quality. In strategic approach of data quality, accountabilities of users and mechanism that must be followed by them, are discussed. Therefore, strategic approach, frameworks and tools can provide better outcomes for improving data quality (Dowling D, 2016). Conclusion and Recommendations After this whole discussion, we can say that for healthcare industry, data quality should be first priority and they should follow above discussed tools and techniques to achieve goal of quality of data. It is right to say that organized form of data is used at workplaces, but still some deficiencies are found. Therefore improvement has become important. There are some recommendations regarding improvement of data quality (Shah N, Irani Z, Sharif A, 2016): Healthcare organizations should be update their management of data and their decision making. This can be done by taking feedback of people who are directly impacted with these processes. Latest tools and techniques that will help to improve decision making should be used by data users and this report contains information about these tools and techniques. The management of healthcare organizations is highly responsible for any right or wrong decision making and they should admit this thing and if any issue occur in their decisions then they should support improvements. The policies of healthcare organizations regarding process of collecting and management of data should be strict and must be followed by staff members. These policies must be regarding maintenance of quality of data that is required for decision making. It is necessary for healthcare staff members to be update about new techniques that can be used for collecting accurate data from different sources. References Guindo L, Wagner M, Baltussen R, Rindress D, van Til J, Kind P et al. From efficacy to equity: Literature review of decision criteria for resource allocation and healthcare decisionmaking. 2016. Improving healthcare delivery with data- A literature review - Transforming Healthcare with IT [Internet]. Transforming Healthcare with IT. 2016 [cited 25 November 2016]. Available from: https://transformhealth-it.org/blog/?p=101 Data Quality Information [Internet]. Fgdc.gov. 2016 [cited 25 November 2016]. Available from: https://www.fgdc.gov/csdgmgraphical/dataq.htm Cai LZhu Y. The Challenges of Data Quality and Data Quality Assessment in the Big Data Era. Ballou DPazer H. Designing Information Systems to Optimize the Accuracy-Timeliness Tradeoff. Information Systems Research. 1995;6(1):51-72. 2016. Chu Y, Yang S, Yang C. Enhancing data quality through attribute?based metadata and cost evaluation in data warehouse environments. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers. 2001;24(4):497-507. Chengalur-Smith I, Ballou D, Pazer H. The impact of data quality information on decision making: an exploratory analysis. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering. 1999;11(6):853-864. Ortiz D. Using a Simple Patient Registry to Improve Your Chronic Disease Care - Family Practice Management [Internet]. Aafp.org. 2016 [cited 25 November 2016]. 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